Plain language summary
In addition to the nutrient content of foods, the production and formulation methods of processed foods may also play a role in their effect on human health. The aim of this study was to systematically review the existing data from nationally representative surveys regarding UPF consumption in relation to dietary nutritional profiles, and to perform a meta-analysis (of 14 studies) of the results in order to understand the similarities or discrepancies that exist between countries. Results indicate a significant consumption of UPFs in the countries investigated, accounting for up to almost 80% of total caloric intake with confectionery (categorized as “cookies, pastries, and sweet bread”) and sugar-sweetened beverages representing the most consumed UPF groups. In fact, when considered in relation to other food groups, UPFs were not sporadically consumed in an isolated manner, but instead characterized entire dietary patterns and were consumed at the expense of unprocessed foods. Authors conclude that there is a consistent correlation between the increased consumption of UPFs and the worsening nutritional quality of diet.
Abstract
Excessive consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs), as described by the NOVA classification system, represents a potential threat to human health. The nutritional composition of UPFs may explain their observed adverse effects. The present study aimed to provide a quantitative meta-analysis of nationally representative surveys on the consumption of UPFs and the dietary/nutrient composition of respondents' diets. A systematic search for relevant studies published prior to July 2021 was conducted via electronic databases. The studies that provided the dietary/nutrient composition of foods categorized according to the NOVA classification system were selected. The association between UPFs and other dietary variables was modelled using ordinary least squares linear regression based on aggregated data extracted from the selected articles. Consumption of UPFs represented up to 80% of total caloric intake in the US and Canada, with confectionery and sugar-sweetened beverages being the most consumed items. When considered in relation to other food groups, an inverse linear relation between UPFs and less-processed foods was evident. Increased UPF intake correlated with an increase in free sugars, total fats, and saturated fats, as well as a decrease in fiber, protein, potassium, zinc, and magnesium, and vitamins A, C, D, E, B12, and niacin. In conclusion, the data indicate that increased UPF consumption negatively affects the nutritional quality of diets.
Methodological quality
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